Association of Different Pregnancy Related Factors with Pelvic Girdle Pain, A Cross-sectional Survey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69926/dzkf1446Keywords:
Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP), Pregnancy related risk factors, Pelvic girdle questionnaire.Abstract
Background: Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) is a major problem that can significantly affect the activities of daily life of pregnant women. Understanding the severity of such pain along with associated risk factors like current age and at the time of first pregnancy, weight, height, occupation, daily standing hours, etc. may help to prevent pain and disability.
Objectives: To determine the association of different pregnancy related factors with pelvic girdle pain.
Method: In this cross-sectional study, 322 pregnant women having pelvic girdle pain, aged above 18 years and beyond the first trimester were included, using purposive sampling. Those who have any recent trauma or previous surgery of the pelvic region were excluded. We used self-generated proforma along with a pelvic girdle questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS) for data collection after signing the consent form by the participants. The study took place in the Gynecology Ward of Shalamar Hospital, Lahore.
Results: Increased daily living activities (p=0.000), non-pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain (p=0.021), aggravation of symptoms (p=0.000), and severity as measured by the VAS (p=0.004) were associated. No association found with gravida (p=0.080), parity (p=0.097), occupation (p=0.930), history of low back pain (p=0.209), family history of pelvic girdle pain (p=0.627), and pelvic girdle discomfort in a prior pregnancy (p=0.221).
Conclusion: The current study concluded that pelvic girdle pain was significantly high among adult pregnant women and associated with increased level of physical activity, previously non-pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain, increase intensity on visual analogue scale and severity of symptoms. These factors can be incorporated into routine prenatal care, which will aid in screening women for early prevention.
Key Words: Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPGP), Pregnancy related risk factors, Pelvic girdle questionnaire.
References
Gashaw M, Yitayal MM, Zemed A, Nigatu SG, Kasaw A, Belay DG, et al. Level of activity limitations and predictors in women with pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain: Prospective cross-sectional study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 2022;78:103754.
Shijagurumayum Acharya R, Tveter AT, Grotle M, Eberhard-Gran M, Stuge B. Prevalence and severity of low back- and pelvic girdle pain in pregnant Nepalese women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):247.
Robinson, Stendal P, Balasundaram, Prasad A, Vøllestad, Køpke N, et al. The association between pregnancy, pelvic girdle pain and health-related quality of life–a comparison of two instruments. Journal of patient-reported outcomes. 2018;2:1-9.
Ceprnja D, Chipchase L, Liamputtong P, Gupta A. "This is hard to cope with": the lived experience and coping strategies adopted amongst Australian women with pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22(1):96.
Wuytack F, Begley C, Daly D. Risk factors for pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain: a scoping review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2020;20:1-14.
Santos FF, Lourenço BM, Souza MB, Maia LB, Oliveira VC, Oliveira MX. Prevention of low back and pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with GRADE recommendations. Physiotherapy. 2023;118:1-11.
Ahlqvist K, Bjelland EK, Pingel R, Schlager A, Nilsson-Wikmar L, Kristiansson P. The Association of Self-Reported Generalized Joint Hypermobility with pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020;21:1-10.
Ceprnja D, Chipchase L, Fahey P, Liamputtong P, Gupta A. Prevalence and factors associated with pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy in Australian women: A cross-sectional study. Spine. 2021;46(14):944.
Bazira PJ. Clinically applied anatomy of the pelvis. Surgery (Oxford). 2021;39(6):324-32.
Figueroa C, Jozsa F, Le PH. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Pelvis Bones. 2019.
Fritsch H, Lienemann A, Brenner E, Ludwikowski B. Clinical anatomy of the pelvic floor. 2012.
Shafique M-u-N, Asghar M, Akhtar H, Tariq A, Tanveer S, Fatima Z. Effects of pelvic strengthening exercises with and without lumbopelvic belt on postpartum females with pelvic girdle pain. Journal of Xi’an Shiyou University, Natural Science Edition. 2023;1673-064X.
Gashaw M, Gedlu S, Janakiraman B. Burden of pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy among women attending ante-natal clinic, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2020;20(1):1-11.
Shahzad Z, Ashraf HS, Sohail M, Farooq H, Asif T, Safdar Z. Prevalence of anterior pelvic pain, pain intensity and functional disability among pregnant women of Lahore city, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal. 2021;46(2):386-.
Nigave, Manasi. Prevalence of Pregnancy-related Pelvic Girdle and Low Back Pain in Working Women of Urban Population in the Age Group of 25 to 40 Years. Chettinad Health City Medical Journal. 2023;12(02):107-10.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Ensure that research data is accessible to readers, either by making it publicly available or providing a clear explanation for restricted access.
Issue
Section
License
PKLI-JHS adopts the CC BY 4.0 license (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). For specifics, please refer to the full license legal code. The journal utilizes a non-exclusive licensing agreement for open access publishing, allowing authors to retain copyright and primary scholarly usage rights while granting the journal publication and distribution rights.
